Racial Inequalities Response Paper Racism - 1049 Words

Madison Hedding History 105-06 Ken Faunce October 25, 2015 Racial Inequalities Response Paper At first glance, racism is someone’s’ belief that his/her race is superior to another- in which is sought to be expressed by only people who are considered racists by others. Yet, many times, it does not register in one’s mind that even though this may be true, there is a type of racism that we all have experienced, which has stemmed from the beginning of time- called unconscious racism. Race is a social construct, yet we have not consciously overridden the biases developed throughout history. Unconscious racism is easy to ignore, and you can barely comprehend that you’re doing it, unless you are the victim. Throughout history, each and every one of us has said remarks which have our own biases in secret, hidden undertones, and yet unless you are the receiver of the bias, you do not realize what you are doing. Even today, famous people such as Donald Trump inadvertently showed his unconscious racism in one of his recent speeches. He said, â€Å"Some of m y best friends are black,† (Rosenberg, 2). Which, is a classic tell-tale racist remark used to preface this unconscious anti-black, and racist expression. Throughout history, the idea of biases has not gone away- just gotten worse. And, between the infamous Holocaust dealing with Social Darwinism and then with the elongated time period of segregation and slavery, , unconscious racism was prevalent and still is today. Racism has notShow MoreRelatedThe Conflict Of Police Brutality And Racial Profiling858 Words   |  4 Pagestheir struggle against racism was nearing a successful conclusion with the start of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People). For many years, especially for people not of colour, racism, racial discrimination and police brutality were â€Å"hidden† from the mainstream media. Though, from current events and to the recent obtainability of liberal media and twenty-four-hour newsrooms, citizens of America are being exposed and educated to the effects of racism today. In my finalRead MoreThe Historical And Intellectual Trends1746 Words   |  7 Pageshas been enormous. Racial oppression and socio-economic disparity has been a tumultuous journey for Cuba’s (population of Afro-Cubans) Afro-Cuban or black Cuban population. The purpose of this paper will be to explore the historical and intellectual trends that have simultaneously perpetuated and condemned racism and racial inequality, ranging from the institution of slavery to the writings of Jose Marti. These paradoxes have led to the contradictory social and systematic responses to the Afro-CubanRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Sister Outsider 1709 Words   |  7 Pagesthat promotes systems of oppression that correspond with racism. Lorde explores many themes within her writings, but this paper will concentrate on the underlining themes from â€Å"The Uses of Anger: Women Responding to Racism† (Audre Lorde), themes such as the need and us e of anger without guilt, oppression vs. oppressed relationship, and the need for a different feminist movement. When dealing with racism Lorde proclaims that the only response for dealing with such issue is anger. Not just any typeRead MorePrimary Roles Of A Grade 7 And 8 Teacher1519 Words   |  7 Pagesuse in our everyday lives affect our way of thinking and, ultimately, our actions† (Brooks and Brooks, 1999). The seeds of racism, sexism and oppression, I believe are planted at an early age of childhood. The parents of grade 7 and 8 students, of an elite private school of a higher social economic status, presented an objection to their children learning about social inequalities. Parents of the students feel their adolescent children are not ready to tackle these issues of oppression, rather continueRead MoreRacism And The Human Race2009 Words   |  9 Pagesof ONE human race Blacks shall never be equal to white counterparts who microscopically stigmatized Black’s through racial cultural lens and racial profiling. This paper shall implores the true legitimization of the Black Experience in the American South via objectivity and factual truths dating back from day of arrival to present. In addition, to portray the brutality and inequality that still exists. It has been approximately three hundred ninety-six years (396) since the first Blacks’ were inhumanelyRead MoreRacial Segregation And The Us Education System Essay1463 Words   |  6 PagesStudents of color in the United States struggle to access higher education, as a result of institutional racism and discrimination. This is troubling because college education is considered a way to increase opportunity and chances of success with finding employment and earning a high salary. This disparity can be attributed to the history of racial segregation in the US education system, which has produced differences of opportunity between students of color and white students (Chaisson 2004). ItRead MoreMichael Brown And The Anti Black Racism1270 Words   |  6 PagesMichael Brown and were not indicted. This movement was a response to the anti-black racism that exists in our society (Cullors, Tometi Garza, 2012). Foner and Garraty (1991) point out that the Civil Rights Act of 1968 was an initiative where Civil rights activists used nonviolent protests and civil disobedience to bring about change for freedom and equality. African American leaders risked their lives to speak out for change while participating in the movement. In 1964 legislation introducedRead MoreThe Research On Health Disparities Across The United States1699 Words   |  7 Pagesof disparities without addressing the structural issues at the base of those disparities. When it comes to interventions to address these disparities and inequalities, research is focused on the role of medical professionals with little research on community engagement and empowerment. Problem Theory When address the issue of structural racism as it pertains to health there are two terms that have to be identified and distinguished: health disparities and health inequity. Health disparities canRead MoreThe Conflict Theory Gives Me A Better Understanding Of My Ethnicity And Race Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom society. For example, the conflict perspective views racism and inequality towards minorities, like me as a way for the so-called superior and majority race to keep control and power over minorities. They do this, by perpetuating institutionalized or structured racism, pitting minorities against each other, and limiting resources. Institutional racism is defined as a complex of embedded, systemic practices that disadvantage racial and ethnic minority groups, and, in consequence, needs to beRead MoreEthnic And Racial Discrimination Of Special Education1017 Words   |  5 PagesEthnic and Racial Disproportionality in Special Education Former Education Secretary Arne Duncan said The undeniable truth is that the everyday educational experience for many students of color violates the principle of equity at the heart of the American promise. It is our collective duty to change that (Ed.gov, 2012). This was in response to the U.S. Department of Education s Office for Civil Rights (OCR) findings reporting that minority students across the U.S. face tougher discipline, have

Abusive Women in Great Expectations Essay example - 990 Words

Abusive Women in Great Expectations One may infer that Dickens may have been attempting to acknowledge the birth of female freedom, due to the industrial revolution, by way of the female characters actions within Great Expectations. Considering that he creates such verbal execution performed by many of the female characters within the novel suggests that women were usually treated as equals, this not being the case. By allowing these women to be verbally and physically abusive, Dickens may have been presenting the distorted idea toward female criminals and violent women. Violence appeared to be a gendered act usually resulting in male over female dominance during the nineteenth century (DCruse 21). Within†¦show more content†¦Joe is challenged rather than submitted to. Understanding this reasoning may give one a better understanding into Mrs. Joe. One may infer that Mrs. Joe did not blame herself for the mistreatment of her brother and husband but felt that they brought it on themselves (Tomes 334). Mrs. Joe expressed no regret or guilt after being abusive to Joe and Pip, as most abusers did not. Although it was typically unusual, due to social acceptability, women like Mrs. Joe who beat and dominated their husbands were subjected to public humiliation as an informal form of popular justice (Clark 188). Although spousal abuse was acceptable as a means of obtaining control, murder was completely unacceptable. Going back to the idea that female crimes were a betrayal of nature, there was an extra twist to murder when the murderer was a woman (Hughes 86). Female murder criminals were stereotyped as Mr. Jaggers housekeeper: oversexed, insane, hormonally unbalanced or suffering from some biological defect (Hughes 68). As Pip is told to look at Jaggers housekeeper--youll see a wild beast tamed--one notices the suggestion of a biological defect, or hormonal unbalance (195; ch. 24). Pip is also instructed to keep your eye on it, as if this woman belongs to neither sex nor is she portrayed as human (195; ch. 24). Murder marked the boundaries of femininity in nineteenth-century culture (Hart 2). Women who were considered incapable of redemption were notShow MoreRelatedDesdemona - Virtuous Woman or Modern Woman Challenging Oppressive Societal Values?989 Words   |  4 Pagesfalls victim to an abusive husband and viewing Desdemona as a progressive woman who contributed to her downfall by being outspoken and challenging the position of women in her time. Both readings are relevant to contemporary society especially when you take into consideration the role feminism has played in shaping modern thinking and the number of abusive relationships portrayed in our media. However as will be shown, contemporary society feels more comfortable viewing women as innocent, pure andRead MoreSpeech Title : Love Should Not Hurt : Domestic Violence Awareness Essay1127 Words   |  5 Pagestitled â€Å"Don’t Believe in the War On Women? Would a Body Count Change Your Mind?†, since September 11, 2001 more American women were killed by an intimate partner than all of the victims of 9/11 and all of the American military fatalities in Iraq and Afghanistan combined (Gidfar, 2012). One woman is fatally shot by a spouse, ex-spouse or dating partner every 14 hours, states Wright (2016) from the U.S. Department of Defense, and these are just the statistics for women, but domestic violence happens toRead MoreWoman’S Strive Towards Self Dignity And It Can Be Done1533 Words   |  7 Pagestakes revenge on Pachayamma by trapping her with a group of companions while plucking cotton pods from her farm. Even though Gangamma knows the pathetic condition of the dalit women which forced them to do it, she makes it a criminal offence. With her economic and political influence, she makes the policemen take the poor women to the police station in a tractor. On the way, Pachayamma asks the permission to pee but she is not allowed. On reaching the station, she lifts her cloths and pees r ight thereRead MoreDomestic Violence: The Barriers to Leaving Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pagesvariety of risks. Time and time again, the common question arises, â€Å"why doesn’t she just leave?† Most often abused women, at great and potentially fatal risk, do leave their abusive relationships. However, there is a multitude of barriers, including increasing abuse and the potential for re-victimization by the system that does not respond accordingly, and most often force many women to return to their abusers. A woman may become vulnerable as she goes through the stages of leaving her abuser. ThereRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence1682 Words   |  7 Pagesidentify an abuser or the abused. Women are victims of intimate partner violence at a rate about 5 times that of a male. Black females experience domestic violence at a rate of 35% higher than that of white females, and about 22 times the rate of women of other races. Domestic violence is most prominent among women between the ages of 16 and 24. Poorer women experience significantly more domestic violence than higher income women. For both men and women, divorced or separated persons were subjectedRead More Amy Tans The Kitchen Gods Wife Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pagestouchingly beautiful narrative not only tells a story, but deals with many of the issues that we have discussed in Women Writers this semester. Tan addresses the issues of the inequality given women in other cultures, different cultures expectations of women, abortion, friendship, generation gaps between mothers and daughters, mother-daughter relationships, and the strength of women in the face of adversity. Tan even sets the feminist mood wit h the title of the book, which refers to a woman inRead MoreFeminist Criticism Of Great Expectations1190 Words   |  5 PagesFeminist Criticism of Great Expectations The correct portrayal of women in literature is highly significant as women have been marginalized throughout history. Although Charles Dickens wrote powerful and dominant female characters in his novel Great Expectations, Dickens’ portrayal of female strength is unsympathetic considering the period when he wrote this novel. During the Victorian Era, women never had dominance in situations and had less rights than men. In this case, Dickens alienated theRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Great Expectations1449 Words   |  6 Pagesperforms a number of functions, and among these are helping us to understand the world, and helping us to understand the human condition. What is taken from a work of fiction is, however, dependant on who is reading it at the time. In the case of Great Expectations there are a number of themes running through the text including betterment through education, what it is to be a gentleman, respectability and crime, parental /family ties, and industry and i dleness. Many of the original readers of the workRead MoreWhat is Domestic Violence? Essays1749 Words   |  7 Pagesmental, and emotional pain. While abuse can happen to anyone, women are by far the most frequent victims and men are the most frequent abusers. The U.S. department of justice estimates that 95 percent of the assaults on partners or spouses is committed by men against women (Toby). Even though men normally abuse women, there are cases where men are victimized by their partners. Domestic violence is a major cause of injury to women between the ages of 15 and 44 in the United States; the injuriesRead MoreEssay on Woman Hollering Creek - Dreams vs. Reality826 Words   |  4 PagesSandra Cisneros describes the lives of Mexicans in a Chicago neighborhood. She depicts the life that women endure as Latino wives through her portrayal of the protagonist, Cleofilas. For Cisneros being a Mexican-American has given her a chance to see life from two different cultures. In add ition, Cisneros has written the story from a woman’s perspective, illustrating the types of conflicts many women face as Latino wives. This unique paradigm allows the reader to examine the events and characters using

Kudler Fine Foods Free Essays

Market research is a critical component needed for good decision making. In this paper, I will justify the importance of marketing research in the development of Kudler Fine Foods marketing strategy and tactics. I will also identify the areas where additional market research is needed. We will write a custom essay sample on Kudler Fine Foods or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will analyze the importance of competition intelligence in regards to Kudler Fine Food’s marketing strategy and tactics. Kudler fine Food’s Kudler Fine Foods is a gourmet grocery store located in San Diego, ca. Kudlers carries a variety of fine meats, fresh seafood, baked goods, fine wine a variety of cheese and more. Kudlers sells the absolute best domestic and imported foods. The owner, Kathy Kudler, opened the first of three stores in 1998. In 2000, Kathy opened a second store with a third store opening in 2003 (Kudler Virtual Organization, 2006). Marketing Objectives Kudler Fine Food’s have decided to expand its services, improve efficiency of operations, and also increase customer purchase cycle. The overall goal would be to increase customer loyalty as well as profit with each visit.Kudlers marketing department has developed three different marketing initiatives to improve profit and sales while reducing costs. Kudlers first plan of action is to host parties in each store to show their customers how to prepare gourmet specialty foods. To ensure customer participation, each customer will be entered in a contest and be eligible to win high ticket items (Kudler Virtual Organization, 2006). Kudlers second plan of action is to begin a customer loyalty program. The loyalty program is intended to encourage customers to shop as well as improve constancy.The loyalty programs track what customer purchase regularly therefore Kudlers is able to target specific customers. Looking at the current information technologies databases, Kudler foods has a system that tracks internal sales data but wants to enhance the system so they can track the demographic information and buying trends of each customer (Kudler Virtual Organization, 2006). Finally, Kudler Fine Foods is determined to improve customer service. In order to achieve superior customer service, Kudlers has developed training programs as well as software to train their employees extensively.Importance of marketing Research Kudler Fine Foods goal for the next year is to increase customer loyalty by adding other services, paying close attention to their customers purchasing patterns, and by having well trained staff to assist their customers. Kudlers success will be based on building long term relationships with their customers. Once the relationship is established, customers become loyal and loyal customers are the greatest type of customers to have. Loyal customers return frequently and often turn their nose to competitors.Strategies and Tactics Having strategies and tactics is imperative when developing an integrated marketing communication plan (IMC). In order to develop an IMC plan, the business marketing strategies must support the company’s mission statement. Kudlers is selling gourmet food, so they must focus on the best possible quality foods as well as outstanding customer service. Being a low price leader would not be part of Kudlers marketing initiative. Kudlers must stay focused on providing the best for their patrons and not sub come to being a discount store.Kudler will use both demographic as well as psychographic information to determine their marketing strategies. Psychographic analyses are used like geographic (place of residence or work) and demographic (age, income, occupation) criteria to describe and identify customers and prospective customers and to aid in developing promotion strategies designed to appeal to specific psychographic segments of the market for a product (Marketing Essentials, 1991). Competition intelligence Kudlers will receive information regarding their competition both internally and externally.Internally, the employees working directly with the customers may hear from the customers about sales or othe r promotions their competitors are focused on. The research and development department may hear of new patens. The purchaser may find out other companies caring the same merchandise. Externally, the internet is a great place to for Kudlers marketing staff to see what their competitors are offering. Conclusion Kudler fine foods offers a variety of fine foods and wines with an impeccable shopping experience. Market Research is an important aspect of marketing and should be used to obtain success in any company.Kudler Fine foods should continue to supply their customers with the items they need and keep them involved with future promotions.References Farese, Lois, Kimbrell, Grady, and Woloszyk, Carl (1991). Marketing Essentials. Mission Hills, CA: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. Kotler, Philip, and Armstrong, Gary (1993). Marketing, an Introduction, 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Kudler Virtual Organization (2006). Marketing Overview. Retrieved on July 19, 2010 from University of Phoenix, Resource, MKT/463 Marketing Web site: https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/CIST/VOP/Business/Kudler/IT/KudlerITDatabases001. htm How to cite Kudler Fine Foods, Papers Kudler Fine Foods Free Essays Firstly, it is necessary to mention that Kudler Fine Foods is a famous food store in a Southern California that offers its customer one of the finest foods and ingredients for home cooking. Actually, Kudler ensures one stop shopping for all customers meaning they are able to find all necessary products in one store. According recent marketing investigations Kudler is experiencing significant growth and it is going to expand and to work out new marketing strategies. We will write a custom essay sample on Kudler Fine Foods or any similar topic only for you Order Now    In the previous years only about 20% of customers were very satisfied with services provided, whereas more than 25% were fully disappointed. Therefore, Kudler Fine Foods is highly interested in working out such a system that would give customers an excellent opportunity to make purchases through so-called Frequent Shopper Program. So, the primary goal to achieve is to investigate customers behavior when purchasing at individual level and then to establish loyalty points program to make customers more interested and motivated in Kudler’s services. One more idea is to allow customer to redeem their obtained points. The next goals are to cut costs, to organize ordering procedures to save time, and to offer competitive prices. There will be a need to synchronize Kudler’s inventory. All the goals to be tracked and set are determined, achievable, real and measurable. Therefore, they can be used in evaluating the degree of success. The project goals should also include economic analysis, whereas special attention should be paid to analyzing costs and benefits. It makes Kudler rely on the economic stability and growth to prosper. With the economic stability the company will be able to get new resources for growth and specialization. The tangible measures for success are exploring financial costs, identifying necessary resources and setting the timeframe. There is a need to identify tasks and duties at individual level.   In order to prove that the current project is tangible and feasible, the company’s team should cover all the areas discussed. References Kudler Fine Foods. Retrieved August 13, 2007, from http://kudler.com/    How to cite Kudler Fine Foods, Essay examples Kudler Fine Foods Free Essays Statement of scope and goals Kudler Fine Foods will be developing a system that will track each customer’s individual purchases. It will be done through a program we are calling our Frequent Shopper Program, this program will award to our customers loyalty points earned through their shopping habits, that can be redeemed for gift items as well as other products and services with external companies with which we will be partnering with as well as through Kudler. Instead of offering discounts to our customers for their frequent purchases as is done in some of the lower end supermarkets, our customers are more loyalty due to their focus on quality of their food purchases and finding those specialty items that cannot be purchased at other markets, we will offer incentives designed for high end customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Kudler Fine Foods or any similar topic only for you Order Now The customers purchase behavior will allow us to tweek the process as we go through this program as well as making the best offerings to best satisfy our valued loyal customers for their frequent purchasing at Kudler. These points our customers will earn them high end gifts, specialty foods and airline first-class upgrades and many other exceptional products. Our sales department will receive in-depth training on how to analyze the data received from the purchases that we are tracking from our customers. This is a critical part of the insight to please our most loyal customers. We will use this data to offer products on our shelves that our customers come to purchase and expect at Kudler Fine Foods. This will allow us to look at the most frequent purchases of our customers and compare with their corresponding profit margin to fit them into our product mix. The tracking will be done through the customer’s phone number as well as a Kudlers card issued to the customer. This will make it possible to give the customer points earned even if they do not have their card with them. This could possibly change the products that Kudler orders and offers for the customer making sales at the locations more efficient. Supporting measures for success The project for Kudler will have two major points in determining its success for Kudler. The first main point will be cost for Kudler. Kudler will be making a long term investment with introducing this project and the project will need to be able to accomplish the goals laid out for it to be cost effective. For example one of the goals of this project will be to selectively stock the grocery store according to what the customers purchase. This alone could save considerable money in shipping and receiving of goods from Kudler suppliers. Secondly this will free up inventory space in Kudler for more in demand items. Which should increase sales of the in demand item and reduce waste by having to stock rarely purchased items that may go out of date before being purchased. The second major point to determine success of the project will be customer response to the project. Kudler is a high end grocery chain and each customer is needed to maintain a healthy profit margin. So their is a risk that customers may refuse to partake in the rewards program or even worse shop elsewhere if they dislike the idea of Kudler tracking their purchasing habits. However with the incentives being high end gifts and an opt out for customers that do not want to take part in the program their should be mainly positives with the program. How to cite Kudler Fine Foods, Papers

Examining the history and background of intangible assets Essay Example For Students

Examining the history and background of intangible assets Essay In the bulk of twentieth century, touchable assets is considered to be the chief beginning of the commercial value, which include fixed plus such as edifices, land, fabrication every bit good as fiscal assets such as bonds and their rating. They were shown in the fiscal statement after rating which is based on their cost and/or outstanding value. However, it is non average that people do non acknowledge or pay any attending on intangible assets, though the specific value of intangible assets is non clear and recorded in the balance sheet. Even now, the precedence company s rating on profitableness and public presentation is still focus on those assets excepting intangible assets, for illustration, foretelling return on investing, measuring the value of fixed assets or equity. Because there are no entering value of intangible assets in the accounting book, they are non included in monetary value comparative measurings as good, such as monetary value and book value ratio. But in the la st 25 old ages of this century the consciousness of making value for the stockholders changed dramatically, people start to maintain eyes on intangible assets and their rating. Though people do non pay so much attending on the benefit from intangible assets, it is non intend that direction of the company are non cognizant of the importance of such assets. It seems that most of successful concerns are due to successful corporate direction of intangible assets such as trade names, patents, engineering and employees, but still deficiency of expressed rating on such assets. Their values are summarized in the whole value of the assets, no any entering Independently. The proprietors of some major trade names, such as Coca-Cola, Procter A ; Gamble and Nestle did make some actives to protect their intangible assets and recognized the importance of their trade name, but there were still non purposes on intangibles on the stock market to replace for investors concerned about their appraisal of the value develop from touchable assets. We will discourse some of import instances below with groundss to back up what I have said above. So this study will follow the history and background of intangible assets ( Brands chiefly ) to look for the reply why intangible assets ( Brands chiefly ) should be recorded Independently in fiscal study and analysis the benefits by utilizing instances in pattern. We will besides discourse the manners of trade names rating and the benefits. Those two chief contents will be discussed Independently and both are focus on theory and pattern. The day of the month and information are researched form cyberspace and some related books. A tabular array will be quoted with proper referencing ( see mention ) . Outline1 Introduction2 Structure of the study3 Background to the subject4 Theory on describing trade names5 Benefit from Trade names in pattern6 The societal value of the trade name7 Theory on Brand Valuation Manners8 Brand Valuation attack9 Factors in trade name rating10 Trade names rating stairss11 The map of trade name rating in pattern12 Strategic Brand Management13 Fiscal minutess14 Decision Introduction Structure of the study The chief organic structure of the study is consist of six chapters. In chapter one, debut In chapter two, the theory on describing trade names In chapter three, Benefit from trade names in pattern In chapter four, The societal value of the trade name In chapter five, The theory on trade name rating manners In chapter six, the map of trade name rating in pattern In chapter seven, decision In chapter one, it is about the theory of intangible assets under IAS 38 and FASB. Including, the definition of intangible assets by IAS 38, mode of acknowledgment and measuring of intangibles, utile life of intangibles. It will exemplify bit by bit which types of intangibles should be recognized on the fiscal statement and how to measure from the basic cognition point. A brief debut to the theory of three chief rating attacks ( income attack, market attack and cost attack ) will be involved. In chapter two, I will utilizing three UK companies ( Coca-Cola, Amazon and Sony Ericsson ) in different sectors as instance surveies to demo the application of theory to pattern and besides acquire feedback by comparison those company attack of intangible assets. Aiming to happen out the what is the consequence entering intangibles in the fiscal statements has on the reading of corporate fiscal public presentation. Get the mode how to keep the plus value of companies trade names. In chapter three, I will seek to bespeak several recommendations base on above expound. Assuming suggest the historical cost of intangible assets are disclosed on the corporate balance sheets while the just value of intangible assets to be disclosed in fiscal statements to enable endeavors to reflect a more complete and realistic accounting information. Background to the subject Acquired the trade name in the late twentieth century, moving ridges of 80 caused a great trade of good will accounting criterions, the bulk can non be a sensible attack to managing the economic system. Minutess led to the good will accounting in the argument on the balance sheet, including Nestle Rowntree, United Biscuits acquisition and divestitures Kebler purchase, the Metropolitan made Pillsbury and Danone s acquisition of Nabisco European concern. The alleged good will accounting pattern does non affect the turning importance of intangible assets, with the company to do acquisitions they think the penalty is valueenhancing consequences. They either face the net income and loss history ( income statement ) , or they had to compose off the sum of militias and the terminal of the acquisition of the plus base than of all time before in many instances a big figure of lower amortisation disbursal. In states such as Britain, France, Australia and New Zealand is still possible to acknowledge the acquisition of identifiable intangible trade name value, and proposed the acquisition of these companies balance sheet. This helps work out the job in good religion. Then, as the trade name acknowledgment of intangible assets used by a grey country of accounting, at least in the United Kingdom and France, so companies do non promote including a balance sheet on the trade name, but non unable to make so. In the mid-80s, Reckitt A ; Colman, the British house, to its Airwick trade name, which late acquired the balance sheet value ; major metropolitan country and Smirnov did non trade name it as portion of the acquisition, with Heublein. At the same clip, some newspaper groups to its acquisition of the rise of their balance sheet value. To the late 80s, on the balance sheet was the apprehension of trade name value within the company led to valuable fiscal assets, internally generated trade names, similar acknowledgment. 1988, Rank Hovis McDougall ( RHM ) , the UK s prima nutrient group, to play their trade name of power to a great extent in the successful defence of Goodman Field Wattie ( GFW ) hostile coup detat command. RHM s defence scheme includes an exercising to show the value of RHM s trade name portfolio. This is the first to set up an independent trade name value, the value of this is possible, non merely when they acquired the trade name, and when they were created by the company itself. Successfully resisted the command GFW, RHM in its 1988 fiscal histories of the value of all internally generated intangible assets, and acquire the trade name on the balance sheet. In 1989, the London Stock Exchange approved the construct of trade name rating allowed by the RHM stockholders approved the acquisition of intangible assets included in category trial. This proved to be a major moving ridge of consumer merchandises companies to advance trade name consciousness to their balance sheets as intangible trade name value. In the UK, including Cadbury, metropolis ( when it is 50 billion purchase of Pillsbury ) , Guinness, Li Bo ( when it acquired the Hilton ) , and United Biscuits ( including Smith s trade name ) . Theory on describing trade names The FASB and other accounting organic structures have stated that the fiscal coverage should supply information: that is utile to possible investors and creditors and other users in doing rational investing, recognition, and similar determinations ; that helps current and possible investors, creditors, and other users in measuring the sums, timing, and uncertainness of prospective hard currency grosss and net hard currency influxs to the endeavor ; and that describes the economic resources of an endeavor, the claims to those resources, and the consequence of minutess, events, and fortunes that change its resources, and claims to those resources ( Nearon, 2003 ) . Today, including Louis Vuitton, LOreal, Gucci, Prada and PPR many companies have recognized the acquisition of their balance sheet trade name. Some companies already use the trade name value and supply historical public presentation indexs as a fiscal trade name value, as an investor dealingss tool, the balance sheet of their trade name individuality. In accounting criterions, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand have been allowed to get scope of taking trade names in the balance sheet, and supply information on how to cover with elaborate guidelines of good will acquired the route. In 1999, the UK Accounting Standards Board s FRS 10 and 11 of the acquired good will in the balance sheet intervention. International Accounting Standards Board and International Accounting Standard 38, after the suit. In the spring of 2002, the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Board released 141 and 142, giving up centralised accounting and puting about acknowledgment of acquired good will in the balance sheet of the elaborate regulations. There are indicants that most of the accounting criterions, including international and British Standards, will finally converted to the U.S. theoretical account. This is because most of the U.S. capital markets to raise capital or concern in the United States must stay by internati onal companies with accounting rules by and large accepted in the United States ( GAAP ) . All the chief commissariats of these accounting criterions, the acquisition of good will demands to be used on the balance sheet and amortized in conformity with its service life. However, if the trade name can claim limitless life intangible assets non capable to amortisation. Alternatively, companies need to be tested for damage yearly. If the value is higher than the initial rating of the same or higher in the balance sheet value of assets remains unchanged. If the damage of the value of low, demand to compose the assets down to a lower value. The recommended method of rating is the discounted hard currency flow ( DCF ) and the market value attack. Evaluation of the demand for concern unit ( or subordinate ) , generated gross and net income public presentation. Once the acquisition accounting intervention of good will is to better fiscal coverage for intangible assets such as trade name an of import measure. It is still non plenty, because merely with good will recognized and reported in item down to a minor footer history. This has led to deformations, McDonald s trade name and does non look in the company s balance sheet, even though it is estimated to be about 70 per centum of entire stock market value ( see Table 2.1 ) , but the Burger King trade name acknowledgment of the balance sheet. There is still a quality trade name is recognized in the balance sheet rating. While some companies use a trade name specific rating methods, other less sophisticated rating techniques, frequently uncertainty values. Financial study on the debut of line is a long-run endeavor value of the existent argument is likely to go on, but if there greater consistence, greater trade name appraisal attacks and the study of the trade name values, corporate plus val ue will go more crystalline much. autism Essayaˆ? Marketing rules related to concern maps, the execution of the endeavor trade name. First, the trade name will assist make client demand. Customers can be single consumers and concerns under the Consumer The nature of the concern and purchase conditions. Customer demand into income through the purchase measure, monetary value and frequence. Second, trade name trueness and long-run security by purchasing clients. aˆ? related to the fiscal rules for the hereafter expected net net income, widely used in the commercial construct of present value. The trade name s future net incomes to find, and so discounted to net present value of the price reduction rate, reflecting the hazard of accomplishing these additions. Trade names rating stairss In order to capture a complex trade name value creative activity, take the undermentioned five stairss: 1. Market cleavage. Customer trade name pick, but the influence of different trade names in the market determined the operation. Split trade name and market entree of non-overlapping homogenous consumer groups, such as by merchandise or service, gross revenues channels, ingestion forms, buying adulthood, geographics, bing and new clients for the criterion, and so on. The value of the trade name in each section and the section of the rating of the amount constitutes the entire value of the trade name. 2. Fiscal analysis. To place and calculate gross and generated by the trade name established in measure 1 for each different portion of the intangible benefits. Intangible income is income subtraction operating costs, the trade name, the usage of the applicable revenue enhancement rates and the cost of capital. This construct is similar to the construct of economic net income. 3. Needs analysis. Assess the function of the trade name to play in the publicity of merchandises and markets, the demand for concern services, and find what proportion of intangible net incomes is measured as an index of the trade name is called by the trade name s mark function. This is done by first placing the concern demands of a assortment of trade name drivers, and so find to what extent each driver is straight affected trade names. The function of branding index represents the trade name produced by the per centum of intangible net incomes. Returns from the sale multiplied by the trade name index of the function of intangible benefits. 4. Competitive benchmarking. Decided competitory advantage and disadvantage in trade name specific trade name derived price reduction rate, reflecting the expected future net incomes of their hazard profile ( which is measured by an index known as the trade name strength mark ) . This includes a broad scope of competitory benchmarking and market the trade name, stable leading, tendencies, support, geographic footmark and legal protective construction rating. 5. Brand value. Brand value is the net present value of trade name net incomes, discounted by the trade name price reduction rate prognosis ( NPV ) . Net present value computation includes both the prognosis period and a ulterior period, reflect the trade name s future ability to go on to bring forth income. A trade name rating of the market in a conjectural illustration is shown in Table 2.2. This computation is a utile theoretical account of trade name value in assorted state of affairss, such as: aˆ? Forecast market and investing schemes ; aˆ? Identify and measure the communicating budget ; aˆ? cipher the return on investing on the trade name ; aˆ? assess the chances, deficiency of new or developing markets ; and aˆ? tracking trade name value direction. The map of trade name rating in pattern The application of trade name rating has been greatly expanded since its initiation in 1988, it is the most strategic usage of selling and fiscal determinations. There are two chief types of applications: aˆ? Strategic trade name direction, trade name rating focused on the domestic audience the tools and procedure direction to better the economic value of the trade name. aˆ? fiscal minutess, the trade name rating of brand-related minutess with outside parties, all sorts of aid. Strategic Brand Management Economic value of trade name consciousness, addition trade name equity for the effectual direction of demand. In the chase of increasing stockholder value, companies are acute to set up the trade name in line with other corporate assets, every bit good as direction processs throughout the company. Simply because the traditional research-based measurings proved to understand and pull off the economic value of less than the trade name, the company adopted a new direction tool trade name value. Brand rating can assist them construct trade name direction valuebased system. As making economic value of trade name direction and trade name of all the cardinal investing determinations. Diverse, including American Express, IBM, Samsung Electronics, Accenture, United States of America, British Petroleum, Duke Energy Corporation and Fujitsu route trade name value, to assist them re-focus on its branded concern, and make a trade name decision-making and investing on economic evidences. Many compa nies are doing the trade name value of the wage of senior selling directors to make the portion of the criterion. Brand rating of these companies find the undermentioned aid: aˆ? the determination on concern investing determinations. By doing the trade name assets and other touchable and intangible assets, different plus allotment of resources between the types, you can follow the same economic conditions and grounds, for illustration, capital allotment and return demands. aˆ? Measuring the return on investing on the trade name based on trade name value in the investing rate of return, you can straight make relation to other investings. Brand direction and selling service suppliers, mensurable public presentation ends specifically related to the value of trade name equity. aˆ? make determinations on trade name investing. By precedence harmonizing to trade name, client base, geographic markets, merchandises or services, their distribution channels, etc. , the trade name can distribute the cost of investing, influence and find the cause maximal benefit. aˆ? determination doing licencing subordinate of the trade name. A subordinate of the licence will be responsible for the direction and usage of the trade name, and plus direction to pay more rigorous than the one to be free. aˆ? bend into a net income centre, from a cost centre, linking trade names and trade name selling ROI ( from the subordinate s trade name usage fee ) . The relation between investing, the returns from the trade name to go crystalline and easy to pull off. Remuneration and calling development of marketing staff can associate to the development and trade name value measuring. aˆ? allotment of selling costs in the involvements of the assorted concern units from the trade name equity. aˆ? Organization and optimisation, for illustration, utilizing different trade names in the concern ( corporate, merchandise and subordinate trade names ) harmonizing to their part to the economic value. aˆ? assess the co-branded enterprises harmonizing to their economic benefits and hazards to the company s trade name value. aˆ? find the appropriate trade name after the amalgamation by a clear economic grounds. aˆ? Manage the trade name more successfully migrate to a different value of the trade name as a better apprehension of the consequences, hence, nil to lose or acquire, if the trade name migration occurred. aˆ? The trade name value of constructing trade name value, supplying focused, trade name public presentation on the footing of the best apprehension of the steps taken action, the driver scorecards. aˆ? pull offing a trade name portfolio across multiple markets. Brand public presentation and trade name investings to measure the footing of comparing with the same combination from trade name to better the overall return. aˆ? the economic value of trade name communicating as appropriate to make a capital market to back up portion monetary values and fiscal aid. Fiscal minutess Brand rating of fiscal applications include the followers: aˆ? appraisal of the subordinate company s trade name in the just trade monetary value. Brand royalty income revenue enhancement return the manner you can to the company central office. Brand may authorise the international subordinates in the United States, subordinates in different states. aˆ? place the trade name of trade name equity through trade name licensing to 3rd parties the best usage of royalty rates. aˆ? Capital of the trade name balance sheet under U.S. GAAP, international accounting criterions and accounting criterions in many countryspecific. Brand value is used for both initial and periodic rating of a derived function of the value of impairment testing. aˆ? set up a trade name in the amalgamations and acquisitions, plus monetary values and the value of clearly defined trade name increasing trade. aˆ? find the part of the trade name, a joint venture to set up a joint venture distribution of net incomes, investing demand and stock. aˆ? Use the trade name in debt, the economic development of the trade name rights for the mortgage securitization installations. Decision As planetary competition is going progressively terrible, and many competitory advantages, such as engineering and go more transeunt, the trade name s part to stockholder value will increase. The trade name is a little figure of assets that can supply long-run competitory advantages. Despite the trade name s commercial value, which direction is still dawdling behind in their physical opposite numbers. Even if the step has become the mantra of modern direction, it is astonishing how the figure of bing systems and processs agreed upon by the trade name plus direction. When it comes to direction and steps to mensurate works choice is astonishing, because it is in complex computing machine systems, measuring and analysis of investing in the production procedure of every item. The same is true of fiscal control. But, surprisingly, this can non be said for trade name plus direction. Despite the many trade names of steps, can associate the value of some trade names to make long-run finance. No investing in trade name direction to a complex control steps or other comparable. The importance of intangible assets of companies as the addition in direction will hold to put in more valuebased trade name direction system, in concurrence with other company assets, trade name ass ets under direction. A fiscal study on the consequences of the company lacks a elaborate part to a similar trade name. Investing and return on touchable assets, a elaborate study of the advanced degree, but this is non true of intangible assets. For illustration, Coca-Cola s balance sheet, income statement and hard currency flow computations tell us that working capital, fixed assets and fiscal investing, but few of the most of import assets of the company, Coca-Cola trade name public presentation. The same applies to most other brandowning company. The deficiency of current accounting regulations in its intervention of intangible assets. Increasing value placed on intangible assets through amalgamations and acquisitions over the past 20 old ages has been forced to acknowledge and cover with accounting criterions on the balance sheet intangible assets. However, the standard trades merely with the bare lower limit of acquired intangible assets, accounting, once known repute. As a unusual consequence, the value of the acquired trade names included in the company s balance sheet, but the value of internally generated trade names are still losing. Overall, an addition in trade name value and minutess from a direction point of position of the demand. With the usage of agencies of economic development, eventually has a trade name rating standards can be used. This may be the most of import trade name in the future direction tool.

Victory of Congo

This is a story of terror, heroism, slavery, greed and discrimination in colonial Africa, particularly in Congo. In the late 1890s, Congo’s population declined due to murder, drought, people being starved, exhaustion, diseases and low birth rates. The death toll was measured to be approximately 12million.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Victory of Congo specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is due to this torture that Edmund Dene Morel (a journalist and an agent of a shipping company), Rogger Casement and Henry Grattan founded the Congo Reform Association (CRA) in 1904. The aim of the foundation was to help the impoverished Congo’s workforce. This was through gaining the plight’s attention. The movement revealed major abuses of the public servants in Congo. This brutality consequently led to Congo’s annexation in 1908. The above mentioned activists gathered enough information on the exploitation and abuse of these public servants in Congo. After achieving their goals, the CRA was dissolved in 1912 (Hochschild 288). The movement was supported by Joseph Convad (a steam-boat officer) who wrote the Heart of Darkness book. America’s segregation was seen as a kind of apartheid; the kind that was experienced in South Africa. It was an unfair inequality that was a discrimination against black Americans. The blacks were faced with economic and social discrimination and also brutally abused by the police. They also suffered the problem of homelessness and discrimination of their children in schools. Blacks were made to believe that they were inferior to the whites and they could never rise beyond the poverty line. Adam Hochschild in his book, King Leopold’s Ghost, describes the brutality that Congo faced under king Leopold II of Belgium. Morel quit his job to concentrate on putting an end to Congo’s brutality and cruelty. Only the courageous people would dare expose the bad side of the Congo atrocity. More of those who followed suit were two African Americans, George Washington Williams and William Sheppard. All these heroes vowed to struggle for the sake of Congo’s freedom. Rogger Casement was thereafter killed for being a â€Å"traitor†. Leopold II was Belgium’s king and a private monopolist of the only colony worldwide. Joseph Conrad was terrified due to the cruelty and inhumanity of the whites based in Congo (Hochschild 166).Advertising Looking for assessment on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Leopold, an individual who robbed off the integrity and good nature of Congo succeeded in the name of religion, humanitarianism, civilization and development. People from Africa and Asia were also tortured. This was very inhuman and hypocritical of the king and other perpetrators. Morel and Casement acted in boldness and their activism was committe d to outdo the murderous people like king Leopold. Morel is recognized as a moral supporter and activist of human rights. Morel and Casement decided that it was time to end the discrimination against human beings of different color, race, religion, country and ethnicity. This was their drive in their activism to end cruelty (Hochschild 293). Moreover Leopold exploited the people because he had an upper hand in technological advancement. He was able to get exposure to new technology that was unutilized before. This included the gun technologies, medicine among others. The Congo citizens had to live with a lot of pain and humiliation. Also, some murders passed unnoticed. There existed a coerced labor system in Congo. The Belgians overworked the Congolese and most times this led to death. Leopold committed crimes against humanity and it was a perfect time for this to be put to end, according to Casement and Morel. Thus, human and civil rights activists had to make changes to transform humankind. Commissions of inquiry were later held as projects to commence and support the end of colonization and a beginning of freedom. Museums in Congo finally established historical sites of king Leopold’s era of brutality in Congo (Hochschild 265). Morel suffered imprisonment, almost alone, in his fight for the Congo people. The king was greedy for wealth and so he extorted the poor using his power and influence. He wanted to own the colony personally. In this regard, he formed The International Africa Association, to â€Å"civilize and aid† Congo. Since Morel worked for a company that had collaborated with Leopold, he was able to establish several facts that show Leopold was taking advantage of Congo. These include, shipping weapons and not invoicing them, profit skimming and other disparities. Slavery and forced human labor was also high. Morel’s efforts included writing a journal, â€Å"West African Mail.† This was aimed at documenting the cruelty of Leopold. The two activists also held several interviews that exposed the evils and also did approximately 50 lectures of the same (Corbett par. 5).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Victory of Congo specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Leopold used cunning methods, lies, politics, and ignorance to rule. He even used to poach elephants so that he could trade on ivory (Wilson par. 6). Leopold feared competition from the various countries that also dealt with rubber. This made him bring forth slaves who would work tirelessly to ensure he stays ahead of the competitors. He made sure that using his tricks; he got control of the infrastructure especially the transport sector, to run his operations. His supervisors were often whites while the blacks were the slaves who did most of the dirty work. He defended himself saying that his work was solely humanitarian. It is a sad fact that the judicial system in Congo was very slow and unfair. This made efforts to bring Leopold down futile. The system discriminated against the blacks by giving them punishments while it forgave the whites (Corbett par. 8). With the help of very reliable sources Morel and Casement were able to reveal Leopold’s secrets. He slowly lost the battle. Leopold succumbed to cancer in 1909. By then, the two activists had succeeded in making certain reforms. They included taxation that replaced forced human labor and also a major transition in the industry of rubber. Those who took leadership after had the economic and social interests of the Congo citizens at heart (Corbett par. 10). Africa should however not put all the blame for its underdevelopment on colonialism. This is because it has been proven that some countries have made it, despite having had colonization. The efforts of the activists were overly challenged. They were imprisoned, tortured and even sued for libel from their pieces of writings and documentation. Morel investigated the fraud rate in the shipping business, headed by Leopold. The rest of the colleagues in the shipping company were afraid to expose Leopold’s evils for fear of loss of the lucrative jobs. Morel was an accurate man who made sure that efforts by those supporters of Leopold to get him failed miserably. He wrote journals, reports, letters, a magazine, conducted interviews, and took photos exposing Leopold. Sir Charles Dilkes was a major supporter of morel. The pulling down of Leopold meant that the trade industry and revenue of Congo would be enhanced. Morel joined active politics, even after the death of Leopold and was later imprisoned and died in 1924, of a heart attack (Wilson par. 9).Advertising Looking for assessment on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Corbett, Bob. King Leopold’s Ghost by Adam Hochschild. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2004. Webster Library. Web. Hochschild , Adam. King Leopold’s Ghost. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2004. Print. Wilson, Garret. King Leopold’s Ghost; A Story of Greed,Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. n.d. Web. http://www.garretwilson.com/books/kingleopoldsghost.html. This assessment on Victory of Congo was written and submitted by user Colten Holt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

-59055067894200044577006724650004029075-800735 Essays - Free Essays

-59055067894200044577006724650004029075-800735 Essays - Free Essays -59055067894200044577006724650004029075-800735 27 Sep 191700 27 Sep 1917-923925-791845 19 July 183400 19 July 1834-914400-9067800038957254643755 Degas00 Degas-10191754669155 Edgar00 Edgar Edgar Degas was a French artist well-known for his work in painting, sculpture, printmaking and drawing. He was born on the 19th of july 1983 and died on the 27th of september 1917. Edgar is to be known as one of the founders of Impressionism although he refused the term, and preferred to be called a realist which was an artist or philosopher who believed in showing and discussing realism rather than visionary thoughts. Edgar's paintings and drawings are especially identified with the subject of the dance, and over half of his work portray dancers. His portraits are known to to be amongst the finest in the history of art. In Edgar's early career, his passion was to be a history painter and he was well supported by his rigorous academic training and close study of classic art.

Review paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review paper - Essay Example However, poverty has driven these people towards survival of the fittest. Mothers become increasingly detached with infants who are perceived to be weak to survive the extremely poor conditions and a presumed to be a burden on the family. This aspect has been discussed in the paper. The researcher analyzed the reproductive backgrounds of seventy two women of the small town and tried to discover linkages between the economic and maternal disparity with material and emotional scarcity. The purpose behind this study is to find out the effect of materialism and economic disparity on the social and cultural norms of motherhood, attachment, parting and eventual loss by death. The researcher wants to prove that these sentiments are a production of the environment or the society a person belongs to rather than an innate psychological feeling of attachment that comes natural to a mother. His curiosity for this study developed because if two incidents in his life one of a girl from a rural area who murdered her infant son and one year old daughter. When he asked her for the reason behind her action she replied, ‘They wouldn’t stop asking for milk and that little ones had no feelings.’ And the second incident which formed the basis of his studies was in a town where there were was shortage of food, no access to clean drinking water, lack of sanitation and infectious diseases. The writer was involved with helping a woman give birth to her second child. However, her first child was not cared for, thrown in the dumps, living in very worse conditions, taken by compassion the writer took the child to the care center and with a lot of effort nurtured him back to health. The women there however paid no heed to weak children as mentioned above and shunned the writer for making an effort on the girls first born. The second born however was fair and healthy and was the center of attention. The culture there conformed to the natural term of

Gender Pay Gap In Sweden Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Gender Pay Gap In Sweden - Essay Example Estimates vary on the extent of the pay gap, ranging between 15-25% (Advisory Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men, Opinion on Gender Pay Gap, 2007, pp.1-2). Like many other EU member states the gap between men's and women's pay in Sweden has not changed much in the last ten years and there is a general consensus that women are still earning almost 18% less than men. The paper explicitly analyzes and addresses the different aspects of Gender Pay Gap in Sweden. The data presented in the paper is based on different sources particularly EU study group reports. It highlights different facts and figures about GPG in Sweden, its origins and Swedish government policy response to counter measures and to level out wage differences between women and man. It also gives few examples of good practices. And finally few recommendations are made to reduce the GPG IN Sweden. The gender pay gap refers to the difference between the wages earned by women and by men. In order to take into account differences in working hours and the impact of the income tax system, most estimates are based on differences in gross hourly wages. The most common method is to calculate the gender pay gap as the ratio of women's average gross hourly wage to men's average gross hourly wage, or as the difference between men's and women's gross hourly wage as a percentage of men's average gross hourly wage. In this case, the gender pay gap indicates how many percentage points the earnings of men have to decrease in order to be equal to those of women. Another method is to use the earnings of women as a reference point. In that case, the gender pay gap indicates how many percentage points the earnings of women have to increase in order to be equal to those of men (Meulders et al., 2006). It is unimaginable in a democratic and equal society that women continue to earn on average 15% less than men and 25% less in the private sector. Like many other EU member states the gap between men's and women's pay in Sweden has not changed much in the last ten years and there is a general consensus that women are still earning almost 18% less than men. Sweden's official wage statistics also indicate that over past ten years, the wage levels for women and men in various sectors of employment do not show any significant shift towards equality and has remained unchanged. According to the National Mediation Office 2003 annual report the gap between the sexes has remained largely unchanged over the past 10 years (Berg, 2004, para. 13). The same situation is reiterated by Anita Harriman, an expert on equal pay at the office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsman which was created in 1980 when Sweden passed its first law against gender discrimination in the workplace. Anita Harriman some what dejectedly admits that they haven't been able to get at wage differentials. "Women in Sweden still earn only 82 percent of what men earn, and the only explanation for some of that disparity is wage discrimination" says Anita Harriman (Alfredsson, 2006, para. 1). In last couple of years the Swedish GPG has observed a fluctuating trend towards levelling GPG. Nevertheless, these inconsistent changes in levelling out

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Microeconomics - Essay Example For instance, firms in the agricultural sector experience perfect competition. A firm that deals with supplying eggs may make a complete loss due to lack of good production. This does not make the firm go out of production but experience a loss (Francis 56). Firms that experience perfect competition often look at their competitors as a very small competitor in comparison to the total market. Though each company produces the same products, the aim is to provide a marketing edge to attain the customers (Krama, Bartram and Cieri 45). The problem comes as the products and services provided are of the same quantity and quality. By providing a competitive edge, companies are able to attract and maintain customers. A firm can go into a loss if it offers no competitive edge such as customer care service, after sale services, poor communication and in adequate advertising (Kern 78). Proper customer care services acts as a major consumer attraction. Firms under the same business line may suffer a loss but remain in business due to poor customer care services. Customers will prefer to access the same products or services from a different firm. The firm that does not offer proper customer care services ends up making sales only if the other firms are closed or their products supply is low. After sale services is another reason why firms can continue to make losses in a perfect competitive market. Firms may be offering the same products but others gain a competitive advantage by providing their customers with after sale services. A firm providing customers with eggs may offer an after sale service of providing free delivery of the products to the clients (Jain and Haley 98). Communication to the customers comes as an important aspect of ensuring competitive advantage. A firm in a perfect competition market should ensure to communicate properly to the clients before pushing for sales. Signs of the location of the business have to be communicated to the

Concept Of Relationship Marketing Marketing Essay

Concept Of Relationship Marketing Marketing Essay The following report will look at IKEAs relationship marketing with its key community groups in Coventry (see appendix 1 for company background). The concept of relationship marketing, summary of audit findings, pressure groups, developing a co-ordinated communication mix and finally methods to measure success of communication mix are considered. 2. CONCEPT OF RELATIONSHIP MARKETING Early 80s was the emergence of the concept relationship marketing as an influential issue in the marketing literature. Bund Jackson is recorded as having used the term relationship marketing in 1970s in the field of industrial marketing (Gumesson et al., 1997). As IKEA strives to remain competitive in the business market, the company is moving away from transactional marketing that is based on a single, short-time exchange with a distinct beginning and ending towards a focus on retention of customers, establishing loyalty and building long-term relationships. According to Kotlet et al (2008 )relationship marketing is the process of creating, maintaining and enhancing strong, value-laden relationships with customers and other stakeholders IKEA is also active in establishing and maintaining a beneficial relationship with the communities by adopting corporate citizen values and approaches. Benefits from relationship marketing for IKEA are: Loyalty and retention Loyal community groups will recommend IKEAs business to others by positive, word-of-mouth communications which in terms will lead to business expansion. Christopher et al (2002) suggest that loyalty and retention can be achieved using relationship marketing ladder of loyalty: partner, prospect, purchaser, client, supporter, advocate and partner. Competitive advantage Good community relations programmes will add value to the IKEAs corporate social responsibility (CSR), thus differentiating from competitors CSR activities. Support for marketing activity IKEAs active community relations will create a positive image to the company by planned marketing communications. The basis of any relationship is based upon trust, commitment and co-operation. Morgan and Hunt (1994) with their model of what builds trust suggest that relationship commitment and trust are key variables for successful relationships because they promote cooperative behaviors between relationship partners and encourage them to maintain long-term relationships. Relationship commitment Co-operation Trust Figure 1.1. Three dynamics to trust within a relationship by Morgan and Hunt (1994) Once trust is formed the opportunity arises for relationship commitment and it is through this co-operation successful outcomes can be gained. In order to develop trust, commitment and co-operation IKEA should consider the following: Service encounter. Using face-to face interaction with key community groups such as site and neighbourhood community IKEA will result in a higher level of satisfaction, and a long-term commitment on behalf of both parties to the relationship. Collaboration. Collaboration in terms of sharing information, solving problems and an acceptance of compromise will establish long-term relationships between community groups and IKEA. Transparency. Relationship transparency has been suggested as a potential source of competitive advantage in business markets (Bliemel and Eggert, 1998). By informing, delivering value and satisfaction to the community groups IKEA will gain a competitive advantage. Creation of value. Community satisfaction implies that needs of community groups are being met by IKEA, for example, supporting local events, and environmental concerns. If they are not satisfied, they will withdraw their support and thus damaging corporate image of IKEA. 3. SUMMARY OF AUDIT FINDINGS IKEA is involved in a number of local, social and environmental projects in communities in the countries where they do business. The majority of IKEAs projects support children, homeless, student scholarships and environmental projects on climate change and the protection of natural resources. Different community groups may have some impact in one way or another on the company. An audit was undertaken to identify key community groups of IKEA, and to assess the nature and level of their impact on IKEAs relationship marketing and potential future use of relationship marketing. (For research methodology and detailed findings, see Appendix 2.) By grouping community groups in the power/interest matrix, IKEA may achieve a better picture on how communication and relationships between various community groups should be developed to reach agreement about and acceptance for the project and its implementation. Key community groups identified by the audit are the following: Site community The site community is defined by its geographical boundaries, thus it is a city or town where the company and any of its major facilities are located. (Burke E, 1999, p 61) Fenceline community The neighbourhood community is made up of the immediate neighbours surrounding the property of the company. (Burke E, 199, p 62) Workplace community Workplace community includes staff of IKEA. Local media: local press in Coventry The media provides focus and attention on many areas of corporate strengths and weakness of the company. Level of influence and impact of community groups on IKEA Local universities, church groups require minimal effort and monitoring. They have low interest or power to influence current IKEA relationship plans. These groups should be informed only to a necessary extent, and not much effort should be invested into them. There is no need for excessive communication with these types of communities. Local media should be kept informed. Despite of their low power they could be powerful enemies or allies when influencing attitudes of more powerful community groups. Their interest in the project must be taken seriously through dialogue and information to make certain that the companys viewpoint is heard. They can be helpful with the detail of companys project. They publicize issues and corporate achievements and form a line of communication from the company to the community groups. Local government, pressure groups should be kept satisfied. These community groups are powerful, although their level of interest in the strategies of the organization is relatively low. They are meainly relatively passively, but may unexpectedly appear due to certain events, moving to key community groups on that issue. IKEA should put adequate work in with these community to keep them satisfied, but not bombarded with information because that they become bored with message. These groups of communities are often passive, but can exert a great impact on the project. The relationship between a relative low interest and a high level of power makes these groups difficult to handle, it is therefore necessary to analyse their intentions and to involve them according to their interest. Site community, fenceline community, workplace community are key players of the project. The site community can provide services to the company such as fire, safety, education, transportation and the like. They are significant community groups with high interest in the project and high power to influence project implementation and completion. They should be an important consideration in the appraisal of new strategies. These community groups must be involved in all relevant project developments. They are the key players IKEA must engage with fully, and make maximum efforts to satisfy them. The needs and wants for each of community groups are various. On their own, no one group can entirely influence the activities or directions of the organization. However, some group communities posses greater power comparing to others. Overall, IKEAs relationship marketing was found to be effective in the area of media and sponsoring for charities. 4. PRESSURE GROUPS: SECTIONAL AND CASUAL Pressure groups are the activists of the community groups. In general, pressure groups are social aggregates with some level of cohesion and shared aims which attempt to influence the political decision-making process. (Ball and Millard, 1986, pp. 33-4) Pressure groups can be: Sectional pressure groups (also called defensive or interest groups). Examples: professional bodies, such as the British Medical Association, Trade Unions, The Law Society, etc. Casual pressure groups (also called promotional or attitude groups). Examples: Greenpeace, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, National Rifle Association, etc. Pressure groups interest and power are given in auditing findings (see appendix 2). Difference between sectional and causal pressure groups are: Sectional pressure groups Casual pressure groups directly and personally concerned with the effect of the campaign fought by the group as they generally stand to achieve economically and/or professionally membership is usually restricted as they are concerned with a particular section of society. aspire to involve as many eligible members as possible to join the group. seek to defend the interests of a section of society aspire to represent the general interests of a particular section of society not self-interested in that the accomplishment of their objectives is not essentially of direct economic or direct benefit to the members of the group. membership is not usually restricted as they aim to promote a cause tend to have an open membership in order to gain a critical mass of popular support and strength of campaigning. aim to change peoples attitudes about a particular issue or policy Local Trade Unions encourage companies to provide training at the workplace. They protect workers of the company. According to Harris D. et al (2008) trade unions may influence and impact the company in respect of working processes on the following areas: Issues of respect- workers are often misunderstood by the boss through verbal or physical abuse. Wage and benefits- some workers are not paid according to the full value. Working condition- health and safety at the workplace is the most unifying issue a union can pursue. Working hours- unions can force the boss the hire more workers and also can ensure that in emergency cases where someone must work overtime, they are fairly compensated for it. Job security- any disciplinary action taken against a worker may be subject to a procedure negotiated with the union. Environmental pressure groups is often formed to protest about, and arrest certain undesirable environmental impacts. For example, Greenpeace stands for positive change by defending the natural world and promoting peace through action. IKEA discusses environmentally related issues with Greenpeace. To respond to environmental concerns IKEA do the following: At IKEA Coventry used batteries, paper are recycled. It also phase outs single-use plastic bags. All profits from charging for plastic carrier bag have been donated to Englands Community Forest. Through swiping IKEA Family card at the IKEA checkouts customers help save over 3 acres of forestry. 5. TWO NEW COMMUNITY GROUP RELATIONSHIPS Two new community group relationships that can be developed are: schools community and homeless community SCHOOLS COMMUNITY IKEA can focus its activity in the local community on helping local schools. The company will support learning and development of children at schools, for instance by providing new facilities. Helping children to learn and develop is an area in which IKEA has experience and can make a difference. Criteria for selection local schools to IKEA are the following: Opportunities to engage in local community acting as a good neighbor and supporting community initiatives consistent with IKEAs corporate responsibility objectives. By building communication, sharing resources, expertise, skills and developing unique solutions to community problems, these partnerships can become important. Excellent media and corporate social responsibility opportunities associated with supporting the school Sponsoring schools IKEA can attract a lot of attention from local newspapers and can provide great publicity for its business at the same time as enhancing the learning process for children. Developing relationships that can enhance long-term brand recognition So, schools are the natural hub of a neighborhood or community, and can serve as the foundation for community partnerships that will be beneficial to IKEA. However, relationship with school community should be minimal. Schools have neither high power nor influence to impact IKEAs activity. It means that IKEA may provide them with enough information that will be adequate. There is no need to spend much time with them. HOMELESS COMMUNITY IKEA may support homeless people in Coventry. For example, IKEA can establish partnership with Coventry Cyrenians which is a charity dedicated to working with homeless people or whose accommodation may be at risk. IKEAs vision is: To create a better everyday life for the many people. The many people can be homeless people that live in Coventry community. Charitable partnership is one of the ways through which IKEA may invest in the community it operates its business. IKEA supports this organisation by furnishing and decorating day-time activity centres and housing facilities with individual apartments and communal areas. In addition, co-workers of IKEA may volunteer their time. IKEA should be consistent in selection of charities to support. The criteria used for the selection of the charity are the following: Type of organization- registered charity in Coventry and surrounding areas. Primary focus is to support homeless people or people whose home may be identified as at risk for whatever reason, providing them with accommodation Should be dynamic, innovative and cost effective Any contribution from IKEA should be used by charity for the purpose for each it was given and to report effectively to the company on the process of the initiatives which companys funding has supported. the project should have a long life and be seen to actively improve homeless people 6. COMMUNICATION MIX FOR TWO COMMUNITY GROUP According to Kotler (2008) promotional mix is the specific mix of advertising, personal selling, sales promotion and public relations that a company uses to pursue its advertising and marketing objectives. Communication mix is important because of the following: ability to use different promotional tools to reach target audience it helps to communicate a range of messages to different markets helps in achieving companys marketing objectives Communication mix should have clear objectives and target audience. Communication objectives of IKEA: 50% awareness of IKEAs community efforts for school community and homeless community in Coventry within the next twelve months. Target: community groups such as site and fenceline communities, local government in Coventry In order to achieve objective IKEA should decide what components of the communication mix is needed to utilize in communicating with school and homeless community groups. The following are suggested communication mix for two new community groups: School community- Sponsorship Sponsorship is a business relationship ad should be mutually beneficial to the sponsored individual and the sponsoring company. Many researches and authors agree that the use of sponsorship by organizations is increasing (Sneath et al., Harvey et al., 2006; 2007; Wakefield et al., 2007) and that it is becoming a more significant part of the marketing communication mix. According to Fill C (2009) sponsorship can be defined as a commercial activity, whereby one party permits another an opportunity to exploit an association with a target audience in return for funds, services or resources. Benefits for IKEA using sponsoring schools are the following: Increase brand awareness of the company among community groups. It allows brand of the company to be communicated without the clutter and noise associated with advertising. Building and enhancing positive corporate image in community groups mind As a means of reaching wider target audiences To suggest to the target audiences that there is an association between the sponsored and the sponsor and that by implication this association may be of interest and/or value. Show that a company cares about it community and is prepared to invest in its future and the welfare of its community IKEA may use sponsorship for school community. Sponsorship may last 2 years for example, sponsoring new facilities for education. Limitations: Different methods of support are applied to sponsees depending on their needs and the sponsors needs as well. This points out to a lack of standardization, and therefore requires more time on planning and evaluation. Homeless community- Donation A donation is a gift given by physical or legal persons, typically for charitable purposes and/or to benefit a cause. Donation for homeless community within next 2 years by donating products and home furnishing. Public Relations both for school and homeless community Public Relations is defined as the planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and mutual understanding between an organization and its publics (Institute of Public Relations) Benefits of PR: Promotion of positive image of the company to the community group To build links with IKEAs community To oppose bad publicity PR activities will include press releases, press conferences and establishing community relationships. Limitations: Risk of losing control cannot always control what other people write or say about IKEA. Media: Local newspaper both for school and homeless community IKEA may use local newspapers of Covnetry such as Coventry Telegraph, and The Coventry Times. Coventry Telegraph is a daily newspaper in Coventry covering local news, sports, business, jobs and community events. Readers spend an average of 30 minutes reading The Telegraph. The Coventry Times is established free newspaper for the local area, providing local people with excellent information and advertising platforms. The Times reaches over 74% of houses in the Coventry area. Newspaper benefits: Gives favourable impression of the company A high profile image is lodged in the community groups mind Limitations: Short life span, circulation does not mean readership 7. MEASUREMENT OF THE SUCCES OF COMMUNICATION MIX It is essential to measure the effectiveness of each communication campaign. It is necessary to ensure that the communication objectives have been met and that the strategy has been effective and resources have been used economically. For example, advertising objective is to increase awareness of IKEA brand to 70% of the target market by 2009. Public Relations objective is to convince 80 % of community groups that the company is doing its business in a socially responsible way by 2009. Measuring and analysing the outcome of a specific interaction will help in the development of future communications and in evaluating the best methods to use. Evaluation is necessary for: Improvement of the effectiveness of different communication tools Knowing the effect of communication activities and improving needed areas IKEA will be able to reach the outcomes it seeks. Effectively engagement with audiences Throughout implementation, evaluation can help IKEA find ways to collect feedback from its community groups, how advertising is being received and learn how they are responding to various media messages. Allocation of resources wisely It provides a potential source of material for the new campaign. Evaluation can help IKEA determine whether its communication investments could be redistributed more effectively to achieve the desired results. There are many ways to measure effectiveness of each of the communication tools. The following are suggested evaluation methods: PR evaluation: quarterly Awareness of community groups about IKEAs community initiatives in Coventry community can be evaluated using marketing research through qualitative or quantitative methods. Attitude of community groups to IKEAs projects- by using research to judge if attitudes have changed positively or negatively. Media coverage and tone- can measure the number of column inches achieved, the type of headings and tone of coverage. Positioning- by measuring the position of IKEA in comparison to the competition Qualitative method: Focus group: at the end of programme According to Kotler (1999) focus group is a small sample of typical consumers under the direction of a group leader who elicits their reaction to a stimulus such as an advertising or product concept. By using in-depth interviewing skills a moderator can probe the thoughts and feelings held by the members of the group towards media vehicles or advertising messages. By negotiating a focus group to monitor the marketing communications pre-, during and post-campaign, this can help maximise the effectiveness of the campaign. Overall, results from focus groups will help us identify feelings regarding the corporate image of IKEA: brand, reputation and understand the attitudes of community groups towards IKEA. Quantitative method: survey or personal interviews: annually In order to identify the effects of the media we will use written surveys. Survey can be conducted by IKEA or consultants. By using large sample size we will be able to know concerns, community expectations, extent and quality of relationship with key community groups and company. Results will help design plans and programmes that build sustainable trust in a community. Personal interviews: quarterly A personal interview is a two-way conversation initiated by an interview to obtain information from a participant on a face-to-face basis (Cooper Schindler, 2003, p323) Limitation. Personal interviews are a lot more costly and time consuming comparing with other methods in the communication approach. Evaluation of sponsorship Media exposure measurement- to count column centimetres of coverage about the sponsorship activity achieved by IKEA Pre-testing and pos-testing of awareness in relation to sponsorship activity of IKEA Feedback from participants- quantitative feedback from community groups sponsored party and other stakeholders to determine effect on corporate image. Internal communication evaluation: monthly Feedback forms and attitude surveys may be used to gain feedback from participating staff: how effective they thought communication was; what information needs were or were not met; what effect the new role emphasis has had on their job satisfaction; etc. 8. CONCLUSION The company recognizes that supporting the community is not only a matter of morality, but it also improves a companys brand image, reputation and allows the company to gain more publicity and exposure. It is important that IKEA makes a careful selection of communication mix to communicate with key community groups. Appendix 1: Organization overview Company background IKEA is a Swedish Multi-National home furnishing Company (MNC). It was founded in Almhult, Sweden in 1943 by only a 17-year old boy Ingvar Kamprad who started selling farm implements at a reduced price under the name IKEA, which is acronym for his initials (I.K), farm (Elmtaryd) and village (Agunnaryd) where he was born and grew up. At the beginning IKEA sold small items such as food containers, pens, jewelry and watches before becoming internationally known. Due to the success of furniture line, Ingvar Kamprad decided to put an end to all the other products focusing only on furniture. In 1958, the first IKEA store was opened in Almhult, Sweden and since 1960s the IKEA stores opened outside Sweden. Nowadays, IKEA has turned into the worlds largest furniture retailer, with over 300 stores in more than 35 countries since its first outlet and visited by 600 million visitors around the world and plans to develop further. IKEA managed to double its sales significantly in a couple of years. Turnover of all IKEA stores (sales tax not included) was 22,713 million EURO in 2009. Organization structure In spite of its great expansion, IKEA is privately owned company. Ingvar Kamprad still has some control over the company through a unique organization. The IKEA corporate structure is divided into two main parts: operations and franchising. Currently, the company is owned by Stichting INGKA Foundation based in Netherlands. INGKA holding B.V. is the parent of all the companies of the IKEA Group. Every IKEA store is given the rights to operate the IKEA Concept on a defined market. IKEAs vision is: To create a better everyday life for the many people. The many people include suppliers, employees, customers, and other stakeholders affected by IKEA operations. Business idea: To offer a wide range of well- designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them. IKEA does not have its own manufacturing facilities but uses subcontracted manufactures around the world. To facilitate shopping, IKEA provides catalogues, tape measures, shopping lists and website to help the consumer with fitting the furniture into the room. So, IKEAs success is based on the relatively simple idea of keeping the cost between manufactures and customers down. Target market The company targets the customer who is looking for good value and is willing to do a little bit of work serving themselves, so they pick up the furniture, carry it home and fix it themselves. The typical IKEA customer is young families and couples just starting out to middle income family. IKEA products IKEA product range is approximately 10,000 products in total. The product range of IKEA is extensive enough. It is wide in function as it sells not only furniture but also from plants and living room furnishings to toys and whole kitchens. IKEA make every effort to use renewable and recyclable materials in their products. IKEA brand and communication IKEA is one of the successful global brands associated with its unique cultural branding that merges the value, low cost and fashionable design to ensure the creation of affordable contemporary household goods for the middle class. The company emphasized its Swedish heritage in its international advertising, even going as far to insist on Swedish blue and yellow colour scheme echoes the colours of the Swedish national flag for its stores. Any IKEA stores include restaurants that serve Swedish meatballs. IKEA has a long tradition in marketing communication focusing primarily on printed media IKEAs catalogue is the worlds largest free distribution translated into several languages and now it is possible to view online on the website. Other IKEAs communication tools are: TV, radio, and internet. IKEA in UK According to the latest figures from market intelligence specialists Verdict Consulting, IKEA UK total market share up to the end of quarter three 2009 is 6.1 % IKEAs competitors in the UK are DIY retailers that are selling more home furnishings like Argos, B Q, Homebase and John Lewis. There are 18 stores in the UK, the first of which opened in Warrington in 1987. The largest IKEA store is in Croydon, London. In July 2009 IKEA opened a store in Dublin-its first in Ireland. Appendix 2: An audit of existing relationships with key community groups Introduction IKEA is undertaking an audit in order to identify projects key community groups in Coventry, an assessment of their interests, and the ways in which these interests affect project effectiveness and limitations. Stakeholder audit seeks to identify these. Audit methodology Methodologies that were used to undertake and audit of IKEA UK community groups are the following: Secondary research on stakeholder theory and stakeholder analysis methodologies. (See the selected bibliography attached as appendix of this report). Mendelows stakeholder mapping matrix will be taken as a technique to classify stakeholders according to their importance to the organisation. IKEA sustainability report 2008 and other documentary evidence in regard to the IKEAs relationships with community groups. Identification of community groups and nature of relationship A number of community groups were identified by the in-house survey. Identified community groups in IKEA are the following: Figure A1.1. Community groups and relationship Site community Workplace community Fenceline community IKEA Local media Strength of relationship Strong Weak Local government Universities Church groups Trade Union Greenpeace Stakeholder map: power/interest matrix In order to establish the community groups and their level of influence and impact on relationship marketing we will use stakeholder mapping technique. Mendelows stakeholder map classifies stakeholders in relation to the power that they hold and the extent to which they are likely to show interest in the strategies of the organization. The following figure shows the results of power/interest analysis for IKEA UK community groups. The symbols [+] and [-] are used, according to whether each group is, generally, a supporter or opponent of the aims and activities of IKEA. Figure A1.2. Power/interest for community groups in IKEA relationship marketing Level of interest Low High LowA: Minimal effort universities [+] church groups [+] Level of power B: Keep informed Media: local press [+/-] C: Keep satisfied HighLocal government [+/-] Pressure groups: Trade Union [-] Greenpeace [-] D: Key players Site community [+/-] Fenceline community [+/-] Workplace community [+/-] The current position of each community group may be justified as follows: Influence is considered with particular reference to the community groups potential impact on IKEAs relationshi

How The Eustace Diamonds Changes Representations of Femininity Essay

How The Eustace Diamonds Changes Representations of Femininity in Vanity Fair Since Anthony Trollope published The Eustace Diamonds (1872), readers have associated Lizzie Eustace with Becky Sharp of William Makepeace Thackeray’s Vanity Fair (1848) (John Hall 378). Both Becky and Lizzie perform a femininity made all the more dangerous by contrast to the femininity of their idealized counterparts, Amelia and Lucy. Both novels involve a man’s choice between satisfying his sexual desire for the dangerous girl and fulfilling his promise to the ideal girl. As is typical in Victorian novels, the narrators spend more time exploring the bad girl option than the less-exciting alternative. In the context of denying the novel’s focus on Lizzie, Trollope’s narrator furthers the connection between the two bad girls by recalling Becky: Although the first two chapters of this new history have been devoted to the fortunes and personal attributes of Lady Eustace, the historian begs his readers not to believe that opulent and aristocratic Becky Sharp is to assume the dignity of heroine in the forthcoming pages (57). Given the difficulty of imagining how Trollope could have spent more time telling Lizzie’s story, the novel itself belies this statement; readers know that the bad girls are the heroines of both novels. Critics have noted the similarity between the two novels, but they have not really explored it. I want to argue that to understand the relationship between the good girl and bad girl in each novel, we have to move out from the dichotomy itself to the third term that determines the meaning of the other two: the woman who comes from abroad. I will argue that it is the shift that occurs in t... ... McLennan, John. Studies in Ancient History: Comprising a Reprint of Primitive Marriage. London: Macmillan, 1886. Miller, Andrew. Novels Behind Glass: Commodity, Culture, and Victorian Narrative. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995. Nunokawa, Jeff. The Afterlife of Property: Domestic Security and the Victorian Novel. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. Psomiades, Kathy. â€Å"Heterosexual Exchange and Other Victorian Fictions: The Eustace Diamonds and Victorian Anthropology.† Novel: A Forum on Fiction 33.1 (1999): 93-118. Thackeray, William Makepeace. Vanity Fair. John Carey, ed. London: Penguin Books, 2001. Thackeray, W.M. Vanity Fair. John Sutherland, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983. Trollope, Anthony. The Eustace Diamonds. Stephen Gill and John Sutherland, eds. London: Penguin Books, 1969.